Communication techniques and their effects in the Carolingian age: Preface


Shigeto Kikuchi

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Spicilegium
Vol. 3
2019

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On the so called Capitulary of Frankfurt and communication between Charlemagne and Bavaria at the end of the 8th Century


Takurô Tsuda

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Threat and menace for stability: on the use of sanction clauses under the early Carolingians


Shigeto Kikuchi

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Letters from on high and their reception in Carolingian politics: A reconsideration of Hoffmann’s paradigm


Martin Gravel

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Some Aspects of Local Communication in the Carolingian Era


Sakae Tange

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